Introduction to Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS)
During the 18th century, the ships sailing in international and coastal waters were dependent on the Morse code to send any kind of distress signal to a coastal authority or ships in the nearby vicinity during emergency. Since it was a transmission of texture information using tones or lights, this kind of message was never very clear to understand what kind of emergency is there on board ships. Therefore, an internationally agreed safety procedure was adopted by IMO under SOLAS chapter IV which is known as GMDSS- Global Maritime Distress Safety System.
GMDSS and its Uses
On 1st Feb 1999, the fully implemented GMDSS came to picture. It was a set standard for usage of communication protocol, procedures and safety equipment to be used at the time of distress situation by the ship. Under GMDSS, all the passenger ships and cargo ship above 300 GT involved in the voyages in international waters have to carry equipment as per GMDSS.
When a ship uses GMDSS, it basically sends a distress signal via a satellite or radio communicationequipment. It’s also used as a medium for sending or receiving maritime safety information and general communication channel.
In the GMDSS framework, there are different Sea Areas to allot the working equipment in the respective area. They are as follows:
AREA RANGE EQUIPMENT
A1 20 to 50 M VHF DSC
A2 50 to 400 M VHF + MF
A3 70° N to 70° S VHF + MF + One INMARSAT
A4 Above 70° N or S HF + MF + VHF
To understand the above table further, following are the ranges with regard to the frequencies in a specific band:
Medium Frequencies: 300 KHz to 3 MHz
High Frequencies: 3 MHz to 30 MHz
Very High Frequencies: 30 MHz to 300 MHz
Very High Frequencies (VHF)
For the purposes of maritime communication, the range of 156 MHz to 174 MHz is allocated. Channel 16, which is set at 156.800 MHz, is for Distress, Urgency and Safety communication. Channel 70, set at 156.525 MHz, if for routine VHF DSC (Digital Selective Calling) watch.
GUARD channels are set put above and below Channel 16 to avoid any interference on Channel 16. One cannot have seamless traffic on Channel 16 with interference with regard to other communication aside from distress, safety and urgency. So the Guard channel frequencies are 156.775 MHz and 156.825 MHz.
Among other things, the VHF set runs on a 24 Volt DC supply with J3E type of transmission for Radiotelephony and G2B type of transmission for VHF DSC.
The different elements of GMDSS are as follows:
INMARSAT: It is a Satellite operated system that includes ship earth station terminals – Inmarsat B, C and F77. It provides telex, telephone and data transfer services between ship-to-ship, ship to shore, and shore to ship along with a priority telex and telephone service connected to shore rescue centres.
NAVTEX: NAVTEX is an internationally adopted automated system which is used to distribute MSI-maritime safety information, and includes weather forecasts and warnings, navigational warnings, search and rescue notices and other similar safety information.
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB): EPIRB is an equipment to help determine the position of survivors during a SAR operation. It is a secondary means of distress alerting. Read about EPIRB here.
Search and Rescue Locating Equipment: Primarily the Search and Rescue Radar Transponder. This is used to home Search and Rescue units to the position of distress which transmits upon interrogation. Read about Search and Rescue equipment here.
Digital Selective Calling (DSC): This is a calling service between ship to ship, ship to shore or vice versa for safety and distress information mainly on high or medium frequency and VHF maritime radio.
Documents to be carried onboard with regard to GMDSS:
Ship’s Radio License
Radio Operators Certificates
Safety Radio Certificate
GMDSS Radio Log Book
ITU List of Cell Signs and Numerical Identities of Stations used by Maritime Mobile and Maritime Mobile Satellite Services
ITU List of Coast Stations
ITU List of Ship Stations
ITU List of Radio determination and Special Service Stations
Antenna Rigging Plan
Valid Shore Based Maintenance Certificate
GMDSS Training
The handling of GMDSS equipment requires certified training as well as licensing from the Telecommunication department of the department. The General Operators Certificate (GOC) is mandatory in order for an officer to be allowed to handle GMDSS equipment onboard the ship.
To obtain this GOC, a short course is compulsory to attend following which an exam is conducted (written and oral), which needs to be cleared. This training is aimed at Cadets who ought to become licensed Radio Operators to operate all the equipment in conjunction with the regulations laid out for GMDSS.
The training period is around 12 days and owing to the course being mandatory, it is advised to call in to an approved institute to book a seat for a future date, well in advance. Depending which country the individual is from, they must check the respective institute websites as well as the Ministry of Shipping (or whichever applicable for their country) website to get the full details on eligibility and criteria for admission into the GMDSS course.
Over the period of the course, the officer is taught about the various aspects of GMDSS ranging from Radio Log to sending IMNARSAT messages and all such aspects of it which will be required when carrying out communication onboard. The written exam tests the theory whereas the oral examination is a one on one session with a surveyor who tests the individual on the different aspects of GMDSS, covering the whole syllabus (theory as well as practical).
Recommended GMDSS Books:
GMDSS – A Guide For Global Maritime Distress Safety System
GMDSS – A User’s Handbook
Admiralty List of Radio Signals (ALRS) Volume 5: GMDSS
NP285 or ALRS Vol. 5 is the publication with extensive information in theory as well as practical use for all things pertaining to the GMDSS. Correction for this is found in Section 6 of the weekly Notices To Mariners (TNM). Its contents covers as follows:
Distress Communication And False Alert
Operation Procedure For Use Of DSC Equipment
Search And Rescue Transponder
Extract From ITU Radio Regulations
VHF DSC List Of Coast Stations For Sea Area A1
MF DSC List Of Coast Stations For Sea Area A2
HF DSC List Of Coast Stations For Sea Area A3
INMARSAT
Maritime Safety Information (MSI)
SafetyNet
NAVTEX
Distress, Search And Rescue
Portable Marine Radio
The portable marine radio or the survival craft transceiver, a very important element of the GMDSS, is a piece of equipment located in the bridge in case the ship’s personnel have to board the survival craft but they may be used for communication on board as well.
In case it’s used in emergency, it is used for on scene coordination between the survival craft and the search and rescue units. The IMO requirements for the survival craft transceivers are as follows:
Can be operated by unskilled personnel
Transmission and Reception on 156.8 MHz (Channel 16) and 156.3 MHz (Channel 6)
Withstand a drop of 1 meter
Watertight to a depth of 1 meter for 5 minutes
Minimum power of 0.25 watts
A power reduction switch available
The antenna must be omnidirectional and vertically polarized
Battery power capacity for 8 hours (Nickel Cadmium or Lithium Battery)
The scope of GMDSS is vast and extensive reading on it, through publications and manuals and all other available means, is the only way to get better at handling the equipments and gain further knowledge about the setup.
Being a mandatory setup onboard ships which is also the key setup with regard to emergency situations, it is actually in self interest for the ship’s officer to gain maximum knowhow on every aspect of the GMDSS.
Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.